The objective was to develop and evaluate the response of a stiff biaxial stress sensor in ice and permafrost under different loading conditions. Recommendations will be made on future designs and uses of the sensor in materials exhibiting time dependant mechanical properties. The sensor has a low thermal sensitivity and is not affected by differential thermal expansion between ice and gauge or ice creep. To provide a means for reliable, inexpensive ice stress measurements which are needed to understand ice related problems. These include: ice loads on marine structures; ice forces associated with ice drift, ride up, pile up, and pressure ridge formation; thermal ice pressures. and the stress distribution under structures built on permafrost. This project is an adjunct study to Project No. 40 and Project No. 43.
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